The Peacock Problem
‘The sight of a feather in a peacock’s tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!’ So wrote Charles Darwin in a letter to his friend, expressing his frustration at not being able to explain how natural selection could drive the evolution of this extravagantly ornamental display. Not only was there an obvious lack of survival advantage to an awkwardly heavy appendage, it came with an energy cost and added vulnerability to predators. How then, did the peacock’s tail evolve?
Once again, it was Darwin who came up with the idea of sexual selection, that depends, “not on a struggle for existence, but on a struggle between the males for possession of the females; the result is not death to the unsuccessful competitor, but few or no offspring”.
By flaunting his “handicap”, the peacock signals to his potential mate that he has survived despite the negative consequences! The good gene hypothesis suggests that the ornament is a proxy for a healthy immune system and metabolic fitness. The peahen’s preference for gaudy displays drives the evolution of the tail by positive feedback: when she mates with the most fashionable male, she passes his traits on to her sons who in turn, are assured of reproductive success! Choosy mothers produce sexy sons and over many generations, runaway evolution results in strange and beautiful ornamentations like the lion’s mane, the antlers of a stag and the blue-footed booby. In the 20th century, Ronald Fisher, who is considered the greatest evolutionary biologist after Darwin, argued that the female’s preference and the male’s development of the ornament must advance together until practical or physical limits halt any further exaggeration (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherian_runaway).
We’ve seen how sexual selection gives rise to the difference in appearance between male and female (sexual dimorphism). Animals that are monogamous show less sexual dimorphism. Interestingly, our pre-Homo ancestors may have been more dimorphic compared to modern humans suggesting that we have become more monogamous over time!
REF:The sight of the peacock’s tail makes me sick: the early arguments on sexual selection. (2000) Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10824193
#ScienceSunday
madame scientist's not-so-mad musings 
interesting fact….
Rajini Rao you always post very interesting and intriguing content – a great read! 🙂
Some eye-candy to start your Sunday, Larry Fournillier . Thank you!
Enough food for thought..better make some food for the hungry body now 🙂
Males go to any lengths to woo females!
I do agree upon the good gene hypothesis. If a peacock ‘ plumage is displayed to lure a suitable mate, then does the pea hen think of best survivability for her offspring?
Jim Gorycki that’s the idea, although does the peahen make this determination voluntarily or involuntarily?
very beautiful
But Rajini Rao if one compares penis size in humans to those of other apes, we see sexual selection in action. Breast size… need I go on? Certain dimorphisms perpetuate themselves when required/desired… others not so much…
Oh and nice post by the way 🙂
Jason Wade Howard yes, those are indeed examples. The argument is that such traits are exaggerated in baboons, gorillas and other primates, relative to humans. “Humans today display relatively limited
sexual dimorphism ( 15%), whereas
some of the other hominoids (gorillas
and orangutans) are highly dimorphic
(50%).”
http://www.pnas.org/content/100/16/9103.full.pdf
Rajini Rao eye-candy indeed! 🙂 I’m off to the kitchen and have a wonderful Sunday!
Rajni Rao…..: The NATURE, would have continued this ‘ sexual dimorphism ‘, in humans. Males would have looked more handsome ! Thanks for that very interesting post. Lol. Good Evening.
G. N. V. SWAMY Gowd. I agree! Somehow, women have ended up being the peacocks of our species. I would have preferred it the other way 🙂
http://www.amazon.com/The-Handicap-Principle-Missing-Darwins/dp/0195129148
Very counterintuitive argument; I read of it in this book which’s been sitting on my shelf for a while now.
A quick summary of the handicap principle and “honest signaling” is on Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_principle
Rajini Rao Ha ha ha. You are a women, but still, you wish, males look better. You have a big heart. Lol. Thanks.
Yeah, Mr. Peacock is rather silly. And Missus Peacock is equally silly. 😀 Not a practical bone in their little bird bodies. lol
Don’t be so quick with your lols Jena Troelsgaard . They’re practical enough to ensure that their genes are passed down the generations, while the less flashy ones died out 🙂
Amazing…..
Rajini Rao It still is silly. Had the females looked for beneficial traits that tail wouldn’t look the way it does. There might’ve been more types of peacocks all over the world. World domination! Instead.. Just look at that self-important thing. lol What exactly can it compete with?
The strategy works evidently and that’s kinda sad. And not beneficial to the species imo. Except if you consider how now we humans keep them alive for our own amusement.
this is good
Jena Troelsgaard I think you may have misunderstood the biology behind sexual selection. First, the ornamentation is both a visible and reliable trait of fitness so it is helpful to the female and benefits the species, even if it looks silly to us. Second, animals that show strong sexual dimorphism have a higher rate of forming new species because their discrimination isolates them from other variants. Scientists have observed more species in animals that show sexual dimorphism than among those that don’t. So your instinctive feeling of dislike for this behavior does not match up to the facts. Third, peacocks are not domesticated animals, so it’s unclear why you think they have evolved this way because of humans. Please do think about the science behind the pretty gif, it’s really quite fascinating. I’m happy to answer any questions or criticisms you may have.
Mauricio López Padierna that’s a great question. From the link that I posted above in the comments, ” Monomorphic species of living primates (those
taxa exhibiting low levels of sexual dimorphism)
tend to express minimal male–male competition, whereas dimorphic species tend to express relatively
high levels of competition.” Low dimorphism is associated with pair-bonding or monogamy where there is little inter-male competition.
http://www.pnas.org/content/100/16/9103.full.pdf
There are better explanations elsewhere, and I can dig them up if this was not clear.
Rajini Rao I know. But that bird would still be better off without the tail. It mentions lions too. The mane is in no way as much a problem as that stupid flashy tail. I could possibly even see the mane give some protection if he decides to fight another male? Other species manages to judge fitness without a literal ball’n’chain around the ankle.
I didn’t say they evolved that way because humans keep them as pets… I said that it was the only benefit the tail gave the bird is that we humans like it. I hope you see that’s not the same?
I see the problem with your interpretation now, Jena Troelsgaard . Yes, the bird would be better off without the flashy cumbersome tail only if there was no sexual selection at work here. But peacocks are polygamous and competitive and there are strong natural selection advantages to this mating strategy. If they were monogamous, then there would not be so much energy spent in looking flashy. So the lion’s mane, the stag’s antlers and the peacock’s tail gives them a sexual advantage in the competition to pass their genes down. This benefits the species, because genes that make the animal fit are selected more strongly. Evolution is all-natural, and it’s not up to us to decide whether some adaptation is smart or silly to our view.
The only benefit the tail gave the bird is that we humans like it. Not at all! The biological benefit of that beautiful train of feathers is entirely to the peacock. The flashier the tail, the more likely he is to win a mate. It’s merely a coincidence that we humans happen to agree with the peahen. If anything, we may be more likely to pinch his feathers for our ornamentation 🙂
Rajini Rao I’m not denying why it has the tail or that the hen picks the prettiest. All I said is how utterly ridiculous it is. It would be better off without it. Fancy coloured feathers and a funky dance should be enough peacocking really. Making yourself easier prey I will argue isn’t beneficial to a species.
I don’t really know where the peacock evolved but can’t help but think it was somewhere where it didn’t have a lot of predators. At least at some point.
Rajini Rao voluntarily or involuntarily that’s a great question
Jena Troelsgaard Rajini Rao just spitballing here but the large tail and many spots (eyes) could make the peacock seem larger and intimidating to potential predators.
Could be, David Nicholl . But the heart of this issue is that there is natural selection (ability to fight off predators, basic survival) and sexual selection (not die or live, but propagate or not propagate). It’s an important but subtle difference, and it looks like Jena is not buying into the importance of both sexual and natural selection for the survival of the species. Perhaps someone else can explain it better.
Rajini Rao yes I agree. I think there is the misconception that Evolution is striving towards perfection or THE optimum when really it’s working towards very good or good enough given the life constraints and genetics it’s working with and how much chance and randomness have to do with it.
very nice very nice…..
V. Nice🌻
Oooo
Darwin was paranoid.
What give a surprise I shall never forget was a King peacock flying from a tree to the ground and viceversa.
I never thought such a bird could be a very good flyer.
Fascinating Rajini Rao, especially the last paragraph. :))
May be the high divorce rates and Bohemian lifestyles will drive dimorphism up again.
David Nicholl very true, thanks for reminding us that evolution is not necessarily tidy or perfect, nor must it appear to make sense to us with our biased and incomplete vision.
Rajini Rao I wonder where Darwin saw the Peacock. If he had seen it in its natural habitat, maybe he would have figured the reason before…
Jayabhanu Pratyusha Murthy humans do show sexual dimorphism that we can observe- both physical and behavioral. That might explain our hair styles and make-up choices 🙂 It’s just not as pronounced as in other primates like baboons.
Debashish Samaddar actually, I wondered about that. Although we’re not going to know how things turn out in the long run, I would think we are becoming more androgynous and socially accepting of non-conventional mates, so that dimorphism will continue to go down. Some countries like Japan are seeing their young people lose interest in sex altogether. I’ll have to do a post on the usefulness of sexual reproduction (and the male of the species) another day!
Rashmi Pahuja I’ve seen peacocks in park like settings, not in the wild. I would love to watch one put on a show for the benefit of some lucky peahen!
Rajini Rao I have seen them in the wild but not in full display…I have seen one in a park court a peahen(typical Hindi movie style 😉 )They are elusive in the wild, cause the safari driver who had worked there for 3 years was surprised when we came upon one. They are beautiful when they fly too.
now lets see that bird shake its tail feathers
Rajini Rao a personal addendum: I had always marveled at how the males managed with this cumbersome ornamentation, until I met them in the wild in the Indonesian jungle: they are really really fast!!!
nomad dimitri I saw a video of peacocks in flight recently, quite an awesome sight! Actually, there was a study done that shows the train having only a slight drag on their flight, although these small penalties can be costly in some situations.
Thanks to Laura Gibbs who shared a lovely Aesop’s poem called “The Peacock’s Complaint”. It begins like this:
A Peacock once upbraided heaven,
Who, little favouring, had not given
To him the nightingale’s sweet note:
“Whene’er,” he says, “I stretch my throat,
All laugh, but stand enchanted round
To listen to his charming sound.”
Read Juno’s reply here http://englishaesop.lauragibbs.net/2011/02/boothby-juno-and-peacock.html
Very interesting fact that I never knew, so thanks
Rajini Rao Are Japan’s youth turned off from sex altogether or just sex with other humans/people? They seem to have a lively sexual culture when it comes to anime and robots (or so it would seem)!!
It reminds me of Asimov’s robot novels, viz. The Naked Sun and The Robots of Dawn.
Beautiful Poem
Debashish Samaddar apparently so, at least in part- Japan’s “celibacy syndrome” has been blamed on anime girlfriends and a game from Nintendo called “Love Plus” which I’d not heard of before!
http://theweek.com/articles/453219/everything-need-know-about-japans-population-crisis
P.S> Nice analogy to Asimov’s stories!
Haha, thanks for the laughs Rashid Moore . I feel for him…
Is Love Plus like Google Plus though? I played a first person multi player role playing game called Second Life (it was very popular at the time, don’t know what happened to it) and it was very
engaginglife-sucking. You could be stuck pretending to be a character for hours.Debashish Samaddar I hope we don’t go extinct from addiction to G Plus! From what I saw on YouTube, Love Plus has these doll-like characters with huge eyes and pixie faces. I guess you pick ones to date.
Such a great post Rajini Rao.
Thats because Charles Darwin in his rebellion to the Creator of the Universe, saw God’s incredible Design of the peacock. And it blew his mind.
Thanks, Deepak Shriwastava !
I wonder how much of the evolution of the peacock’s tail was direct and how much was side effect. From what I’ve read about the experiments with silver foxes in Russia, selecting foxes for tolerance to humans yielded some appearance changes as well as changes in temperament.
“Some important changes in physiology and morphology are now visible, such as mottled or spotted colored fur. Many scientists believe that these changes related to selection for tameness are caused by lower adrenaline production in the new breed…”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox
Maybe that’s how the peacock tail got started. Some behavioral trait that gave them a reproductive advantage led to morphological changes, like a prettier tail, and then the tail itself become the signal of reproductive fitness, leading to further selection for pretty tails, and so on.
Just amateur speculation, of course, but it’s a fun hobby. 🙂
Don’t they also use the tail as an Intimidation factor? Like how cats contort their face to look like snakes, or butterfly markings.
I’ve always wanted to eat a peacock.
J Bennett absolutely, what you suggest makes good sense. In fact, I read somewhere that feathers arose as an ornament in dinosaurs (ok, don’t hold me to specifics here!) and later evolved for flight. The observations on domesticating foxes is fascinating! I’m going to check it out, thanks.
Kimberlee Moad we were speculating a few comments up that the eye spots on the train feathers could be used for intimidation.
Kevin Potts well, you’re in good company- peacocks were served to royalty in medieval times.
wow
Rajini Rao oh, I missed it lol
Nise
An interesting example of dimorphism in humans might be baldness in males.
Men look for youthfulness in their mates (better for bearing children) and if women did likewise, the average age within the specie would be driven down. So women (among other characteristics) look for evidence of years accumulated by their mates. Hence, the need to fake age through premature greying and “male pattern” baldness.
I wonder if colouring the hair then doesn’t work against a natural advantage?
We saw a ton of baby peas the other day. (Peababies?) They were totally cute, and momma Peahen was totally defensive about them. Daddy was, of course, off somewhere flirting with other ladies.
Biutifull
Lovely post!!!
The picco is like my hear
Sunil Bajpai coloring hair or hair transplants? Trickery. You see the ads where older men have these much younger women in tow. I see them in the ED ads too.
Jim Gorycki Transplants too, of course.
Their tail freaked me out the first time I saw one in the wild. I was a kid, 6 years old if I remember correctly. I turned and ran as fast as I could. No doubt in my mind it can be used for intimidation, especially for smaller predators.
On a side note, I’m extremely surprised YEC’s haven’t been to this post yet.
Aww, Justin MacIsaac I can imagine how strange and terrifying they must seem to a little kid. Peacocks are aggressive birds too. But what/who are YEC’s?
YEC=Young Earth Creationists.
Justin MacIsaac I used to have tons of arguments about evolution in my early days on G+. For whatever reason, I’m not a target anymore. I’m glad, it’s exhausting and they’re not going to change their mind anyway.
Jesus loves you guys no matter how much you hate him.
Oops, I spoke too soon..
Obvious troll is obvious 🙂
I was wondering how much is known about how a given preference in sexual selection originates. That is, given a particular female of a species, why does she prefer a male that is in some way different from others? How strongly coupled to actual fitness in the environment does sexual selection have to be? It does seem rather odd that females would select males for traits that may make it harder for them to survive.
What process would be the trigger for this? I think I can understand how it works once it gets going, but what starts the ball rolling in the first place? Is it purely a random thing that happens to occur early on in the evolution of a species and then becomes self reinforcing after that?
I’m imagining a female that is a) more fit than others in her species and b) also happens for some random reason to prefer some trait of a male. As long as her fitness benefit genetically transmitted to her offspring outweighs any detriment from her sexual preference (also transmitted), then this sexual preference will continue to be reinforced through selection. Does that sound right?
(Jena Troelsgaard is this question what you were getting at too?)
Vlad Levin Wiki actually has a really nice explanation of how seemingly small preferences originating from genetic drift can become explosively amplified to result in the exaggerated traits we see today. There are mathematical models that recreate this process. See the section on “exponential growth in female preference” here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection
Thank you Rajini Rao, that’s really cool, particularly the process of genetic linking!
nice pic
Transformations never happen in any amount of time.
Your comment makes no sense, Jungle Jargon .
Obvious troll is obvious 😉
I had to block the last one because he returned to re-troll 🙂
Yeah, he trolls the RDFRS page daily. I’ve learned to just ignore him.
Wow…
ok
cool
Hi
Hello
Thanks for the interesting information… 🙂
Rajini Rao You need info that’s not there before you can have an evolutionary transformation. No information=no evolution.
Pretty bird
Jungle Jargon All statistically significant data ever collected fully validates that evolution happened. If you have big data disproving evolution, I challenge you here and now to present it. Otherwise, stop denying the validity of the scientific method.
Patrick Smith No data of evolution has ever been gathered. You are kidding yourself. All of the evidence is that you have a supernatural invisible Maker because no visible natural thing can ever make any directed working part of you.
Jungle Jargon since you didn’t reply to my challenge, I’ll take that as a no. You have no statistically significant data disproving evolution.
Jungle Jargon you continue to make no sense, and you’ve apparently not even taken high school biology so I’m afraid that no sensible discussion is possible. You’re probably just trolling anyway. Thanks, Patrick Smith, for attempting reason but our feline friend needs a swift ban hammer right around now.
Rajini Rao yes, this person denies every post on science he can find. I challenge him at least once per day because over 30% of the U.S. population think the Earth is 6,000 years old, and I don’t want young people to be influenced by the likes of him. His mind is too far gone so I have no hope for him.
Scientists need to take people like this seriously because they each have a vote, regardless of how deluded they are. And they elect young Earthers whenever possible.
I had to block four identical profile names with the same agenda, Patrick Smith . Fortunately, I had not come across him before. Point taken about the troubling trend in science denialism in the US. Although this particular guy was essentially incoherent, there are others who are definitely worth engaging with.
Rajini Rao yes, it’s a serious problem. Some scientists laugh because the logic behind the denialism is illogical. However there are large areas of the U.S. Where if you say the Earth is 4.54 billion years old, you’ll be rejected for jobs etc.
When you have hundreds of thousands of children visiting Ken Ham’s fake ark museum with dioramas of human children playing with dinosaurs, it’s a serious problem!
Beautiful
Rajini Rao Thanks for being a voice of reason, logic and knowledge in this crazy world! Keep up the good work.
Thank you, Patrick Smith , for chipping in as well. I wish more of my scientist colleagues would venture out into the public and join the conversation. We need more voices of logic, reason and knowledge!
Rajini Rao Yes, I think scientists don’t take young Earth believers seriously because they make no sense from a scientific and evidential perspective.
But I don’t want science funding cut by those who as children went to Ham’s museum and are now voting creationists into office!
Fortunately, acceptance of unguided evolution in the US is up to 20% from under 10% 15 years ago. Let’s hope the trend continues!
Prbbchvkvgv bkvhbkhvhvgyvoclhhjkl
Beautiful dancing peacock !!!! dear friend, 💑
I had never actually considered the impetus behind sexual dimorphism or that it might ebb and flow over time…. What a beautiful concept to ‘chew’ on …. Thank you for this ‘food for thought’ Rajini Rao
Le plus beau jour d’été
very nice
I’m not a believer of evolution but just want to point out that no where in Genesis or the rest of the bible does it say that the earth is only 6000 years old. Genesis 1:1 simply says, in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. This is not part of the creative days account. It allows for an indefinite time period before the creative days account, and is not in conflict with known scientific facts about the universe.
Beautiful
Very nice
Very nice
Ya nice
Excellent
Thank you Rajini Rao, fascinating read as always.
Love your post! And by the way, it also makes me sick when I look at it. Hahaha 😂
I love the way your brain works
Beautiful
Does this theory explain hairy men? I consider my lack of hair as my being more removed (genetically) from our’s the ape’s common ancestor. Or so I delude myself
its so beautiful
🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩
🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩
🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩🐩
So nice. Thanks.
Xv😩😮😮ckzxl.
Hai
Oi
Boa noite
Gostaria de morar no brasil?
Nice yr
nice
YOU post the neatest stuff, I have ever seen, your great!😊
What a nice thing to say. Much appreciated, Kathy King , thank you!
Nice
Thanks a lot
álomszép
ماعرف حاجي وية الهنود
Simply Beautiful!
good
breathtakingi
so nic
The common ancestor of birds (the feathered dinosaur) had brightly colored feathers. Most drab birds ancestors were colorful according to recent phylogenetic studies. Colorfulness was ‘lost ‘ due to evolutionary pressure. So there is a negative correlation between colorfulness and migration distance. In the cases where females are drab and male colorful, the basal state is generally colorful.
Of course this cannot answer the extreme cases of the birds of paradise and their evolution was aided by absence of predation allowing for such aesthetic preferences to evolve (it’s the high aesthetic of the female that maintains and drives this selection, so sexual selection is always in tension with normal struggle for survival)
Çok güzel bir hayvan
Taiwan GDP👉in china.
Hii
Very nice video
Ola
Ola
Beautiful
nice
Muito lindo
So Beautiful!
Nice
Grace!
god bless u sis
Wow
روععه
Wow
Very beautiful.
That is so cute I would love one.
It’s very nice
Wow
fantastik!
Looks nice
Very nice pic
beautiful
روعه
As is life, being for beings sake..
Meant to say, as are life/science, being for being’s sake
Time and space-position; time, space biology-i was gonna say”that’s all folks”- but not..
I keep coming back to life or not
VERY Nice
Lovely! after skip reading this, how can so little mean so much. The tail is to know how, thank you for sharing such beauty ❤
Very nice
Beautiful
My bf
Nice
Nine
Qv
Nice
Awesome
Awesome
Hi
Nisha Singh
Hi
Nice ji
Nice
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┊ ┊ ┊ 💚❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💚____🍋
┊ ┊ 💜 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🌀
┊ 💟 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💟_____🍉
💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙____🍅 🇷 🇦 🇯 🇮 🇻
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #beautiful ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #fantastic ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💛❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💛_🍑
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💗❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💗___🍓
┊ ┊ ┊ 💚❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💚____🍋
┊ ┊ 💜 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🌀
┊ 💟 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💟_____🍉
💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙____🍅🇷 🇦 🇯 🇮 🇻
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #beautiful ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #fantastic ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💛❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💛_🍑
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💗❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💗___🍓
┊ ┊ ┊ 💚❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💚____🍋
┊ ┊ 💜 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🌀
┊ 💟 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💟_____🍉
💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙____🍅 🇷 🇦 🇯 🇮 🇻
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #beautiful ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #fantastic ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💛❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💛_🍑
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💗❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💗___🍓
┊ ┊ ┊ 💚❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💚____🍋
┊ ┊ 💜 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🌀
┊ 💟 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💟_____🍉
💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙____🍅🇷 🇦 🇯 🇮 🇻
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #beautiful ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #fantastic ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💛❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💛_🍑
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💗❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💗___🍓
┊ ┊ ┊ 💚❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💚____🍋
┊ ┊ 💜 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🌀
┊ 💟 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💟_____🍉
💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙____🍅 🇷 🇦 🇯 🇮 🇻
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #beautiful ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #fantastic ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💛❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💛_🍑
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💗❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💗___🍓
┊ ┊ ┊ 💚❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💚____🍋
┊ ┊ 💜 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🌀
┊ 💟 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💟_____🍉
💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙____🍅🇷 🇦 🇯 🇮 🇻
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #beautiful ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #fantastic ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💛❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💛_🍑
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💗❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💗___🍓
┊ ┊ ┊ 💚❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💚____🍋
┊ ┊ 💜 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🌀
┊ 💟 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💟_____🍉
💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙____🍅🇷 🇦 🇯 🇮 🇻
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
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💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜••★••💜
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #beautiful ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊❴❴ #fantastic ❵❵🌹
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💙❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💙
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💛❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💛_🍑
┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 💗❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💗___🍓
┊ ┊ ┊ 💚❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💚____🍋
┊ ┊ 💜 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🌀
┊ 💟 ❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💟_____🍉
💜❴❴ѵɛʀʏ❵❴ղıcɛ❵❵💜____🍅
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
💜ѵɛʀʏ💙ɳicɛ💜
-:;*;((🍃🌹🍃));*;:- 🇮
-:;*;((💜));*;:-
-:;*;))((;*;: 🇧 🇷 🇮 🇳 🇬
-:;*;)(;*;:-
-:;*;:- 🇮 🇹
;*; 😛
💧🇷=🇰☚👔☛ 😜😜
👖
Sarbankumar
Nice
Nice
Nice picok GLF
Wonderful
Darwin’s Theory life evoluation
It’s your viewing I.e invation
Very nice and beautiful article written
Thanks
Good night RAJNIJI
What a beautiful bird.😊
Very nice
What a beautiful picture I like so much
Thank you for useful information
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/YAnziVh1W8_N4lVtWNHlFbcQPzs3tz47-yohsxZjU9QM0MzY1DZwQSksVDCyxO4AGbfKavi0
Hi naice your choice
Very very beautiful.
Very beautiful nice
Nice
super;i like this
ANNU
I love that peekok
Beautiful
Mast pic
9loţ
Nice
Lovely….animal
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/1ub84R_BdKwIZwmR27jHP53iCJ3cG0ddu2Zsnv2HQpEdWO1rCuIOsPz82ZkAzkErJ0opDFBG
Nice
Nice
Que hermoso el pavoreal
So nice, I like it.
and this explains why most females like men with abs lolol
So nice
Very interesting to Read Rajani ji
Good luck with very happy ms rajini