Lost World. A pristine wilderness in the island of New Guinea first investigated as recently as 2005, turns out to be a “megadiverse hotspot” of strange new creatures.

The Pinocchio frog male sports a protuberance on his nose that points up when he is energetically calling out, but deflates when he is less excited 🙂 “Exactly what it is for, no one really knows for sure”, says Paul Oliver.

The smallest living vertebrate has just been found! As reported in yesterday’s issue of PLoS ONE , it is a frog that measures only 7.7 mm long, just beating out a previously known small fish that measured 8 mm. To compensate for its diminutive size, it has been given a long name: Paedophryne amanuensis is one species. The male’s call resembles the chirping of a cricket,extending only 50 cm to the neighboring frog living under the leaf litter of the forest. Listen: http://hosted.ap.org/interactives/2012/tiny-frog/

Other strange animals include the smallest wallaby (described as “a gentle creature”), a huge wooly rat (“rather tame”), an unusually colorful pigeon that was caught gawking at the mating ritual of bower-birds (“voyeuristic behavior”; I am not making this up), and a “gargoyle-faced” gecko (I disagree; it looks just as handsome as any other gecko, IMO).

Something to think about : vertebrate sizes vary by 3000 fold, from these tiny <10 mm frogs to the blue whale that averages 26 m. Scientists had assumed that only aquatic habitats supported extreme sizes, but this turns out not to be true. Extreme miniaturization means that all sorts of developmental compromises have to be made. For example, these frogs have fewer toes. Researchers are thrilled by their new find because “such discoveries are increasingly critical in this time of global amphibian declines and extinctions” .

PLoS ONE paper (open access): http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029797#pone-0029797-t003

Lost World story: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/05/photogalleries/100517-new-species-lost-world-foja-science-pictures/

More: http://news.discovery.com/animals/new-guinea-lost-world.html